This paper examines the liberal society that Popper lauds, that aims to be truly open, AND discusses why another, more communitarian kind of society, particularly societies in Africa, may also reflect the quest for intellectual openness that is Popper’s ideal. Moreover, this paper avers reasons why Popper should be comfortable with such a liberal-communitarian mix. The inter-subjectivity in his critical rationalism is a balance of an explicit individualism, AND an implicit SOCIAL element (Afisi, 2016a). Popper is indeed an author of such a balance. For a society to be truly open requires the careful recognition AND protection of individual freedom. However, the extent to which individuals are free to perform actions that they desire without external constraints, AND the level of their individuality in relation to others when performing such actions, remain a contentious issue between liberals AND more communitarian thinkers. Popper’s critical rationalism provides the necessary impetus to this contention through his view of freedom that I contend can best be viewed as carefully balanced, a view which combines individuality with a SOCIAL element that upholds community values necessary for openness of society. With this combination, Popper’s politics of liberalism provides an effective model of how a truly open society can be achieved. The values inherent to Popper’s liberalism including those concerning intellectual openness, individual freedom, mutual respect, measured self-respect, welfarism, humanitarianism, accountability, critical debates AND feedback from the citizens, together concern the conditions for a society to be truly open. There are many competing thoughts as to what openness might be in Popper’s philosophy. The present study of Popper does not presume to address them all. The focus here is specifically on using Popper’s idea of critical rationalism to balance relations between liberal politics of individual rights AND freedom, AND communitarian politics of the common good, as it relates to situations about how socio-economic AND political conditions in Africa societies should be structured. While I contend that Popper’s works in political philosophy focused centrally on Western political tradition, AND not about Africa in its strict sense, significant lessons can be distilled from Popper that can offer suggestions on SOCIAL reforms in Africa. This paper explores Popper’s project of the open society across the plurality AND differences of societies, so that his liberal ideas of individual freedom are not undermined, AND the progress of the communitarian idea of the common good, that Africa societies are built upon, is also well enhanced. Liberal individualism AND community values inherent to communitarianism are both well accommodated within Popper’s critical rationalism.

Introduction: Ethical leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics AND values, as well as the rights AND dignity of others. Ethical leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees AND fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ethical leadership AND cooperative SOCIAL responsibility AND the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose AND descriptive AND correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management AND Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple rANDom sampling method. A stANDard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that ethical leadership has a direct AND positive effect on cooperative SOCIAL responsibility AND ethical climate. Also, moral climate has a direct AND positive effect on cooperative SOCIAL responsibility. At the same time, ethical leadership has an indirect AND positive effect on cooperative SOCIAL responsibility through the mediation of ethical climate. Conclusion: Ethical leadership can affect their SOCIAL responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate AND align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that ethical leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction AND collaborative responsibility AND leads to the formation of an ethical atmosphere in the organization

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects AND consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral AND SOCIAL effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials AND Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) AND articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID AND Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 AND with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals AND SOCIAL capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners AND reforming them, provides better implementation of SOCIAL justice AND improvement of public trust, emotional AND financial support for the families of criminals

Introduction: In the current research, it has been tried to qualitatively study all kinds of policies AND measures necessary for alignment between teacher preparation programs AND democratic SOCIAL education competencies under the model of teacher education curricula, which include: direct (official) curriculum, Indirect curriculum, informal curriculum (implicit) AND unstructured curriculum (hidden) should be identified in the educational system. Method: Qualitative approach AND phenomenological method were used in this research. The field of research is Farhangian University of Hormozgan AND the participants are  13  lecturers of this university. The sampling method is a combination of convenience AND snowball sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. The information was analyzed using thematic analysis method AND then using MAXQDA software... Result: The information was analyzed using the theme analysis method AND then using MAXQDA software in the form of 2  overarching themes, 8 organizing themes AND 25  basic themes. The results of this research showed the basic policies AND measures for teacher preparation programs, in the form of two components, strategies AND solutions of teacher training curricula, separated by curricula (formal, informal, informal, unstructured curriculum) AND with the goal of preparing The formation of teachers has been identified in the educational system to realize the competencies of democratic SOCIAL education. Conclusion: Therefore, examining the opportunities, facilities, AND resources available to achieve these actions should be on the agenda of decision makers AND educational planners. It is necessary to pay special attention to the strategies AND solutions of teacher training curricula.

Easy access to SOCIAL media enables users to express their opinions AND ideology about various topics like news, videos, AND PERSONALities freely, without any fear, AND often in an offensive manner. It is a vital task to detect comments with offensive language on SOCIAL media platforms AND relies on a complete AND comprehensive tagged dataset. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce AND make publicly available PerBOLD, a new Persian comment dataset collected from Instagram as a popular platform among Iranian. We follow a two-level manual annotation process in order to determine whether a comment has offensive language or not AND fine-grained tags of different types of offensive language. Furthermore, we present some interesting aspects of data AND analysis them.

This study is a critical discourse analysis of Reader's Choice. The objectives of the research are to investigate the extent of ideological evasiveness AND BIASES in this book, as well as to show whether the book may be suitable for being used as a textbook. To this end, four reading comprehension texts were chosen rANDomly from the book. These texts are: "The Midnight Visitor", "Sonar for the Blind", "Pockety Women Unite?", AND "The 800 th Lifetime". The discursive structures of these texts have been studied according to Hodge AND Kress's (1996) framework that consists of four features: naming, nominalization, active vs. passive sentences, AND actional vs. relational sentences. The frequency of discursive structures have been measured in these texts. The results show that there was no evasive AND biased structure in the book. Furthermore, according to the factors that have been focused in this study, the book proved to be a suitable textbook.

Different types of contact, including contact between node pairs, any-contact of nodes, AND contacts of the entire network, are used to characterize SOCIAL relations in mobile SOCIAL networks. Different modes of routing, from the point of view of message delivery semantics, encompass unicasting, multicasting, any-casting, AND broadcasting. Studies have shown that using probability distribution functions of contact data, which is mainly assumed to be homogeneous for nodes, improves the performance of these networks. However, there exists an important challenge in studies on distributions. A lot of works apply the distribution of one type of contact to other types. Hence in routing applications, it causes to use of the distribution of one type of contact for any mode of routing. This study provides a complete solution to model each type of homogeneous contact data distribution AND to use them in different modes of routing. We propose a routing algorithm that uses this new model. Results show that our solution improves the average latency of comparing methods Epidemic, TCCB, AND DR about 3.5-times, 30%, AND 45%, respectively. It achieves a delivery rate of about 5% AND 6%, AND average latency about 6% AND 8% better than that of DR AND TCCB, respectively.

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified AND were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. SOCIAL factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. PERSONAL factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The SOCIAL Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” AND “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “PERSONALity Type”, “Attachment Styles”, AND their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs AND values” AND “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” AND “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The PERSONAL Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” AND “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through SOCIAL Media Networks AND Foreign Satellite Channels” AND “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” AND “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men AND youth in Iran, more than other SOCIAL Groups.

Introduction: SOCIAL responsibility from an ethical point of view includes the obligations AND duties of natural AND legal persons towards society AND the environment. The moral behavior of people, like understANDing of SOCIAL responsibility, depends on their liberal ideology, beliefs AND human values. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to study the relationship between liberalism AND human values with the moral understANDing of SOCIAL responsibility. Material & Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose AND descriptive-correlational survey. The statistical population includes the financial managers of the companies admitted to the stock exchange, AND the questionnaire was rANDomly distributed among them AND 110 questionnaires were received. The sampling method is rANDom. The research tool is a questionnaire AND multivariate regression using SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results: The research results show that human values based on public interest have a significant AND positive relationship with the moral understANDing of SOCIAL responsibility. But the thinking of liberalism does not have a meaningful relationship with the moral understANDing of SOCIAL responsibility. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, human values based on public interest can be considered as a tool to strengthen the moral behavior of company managers regarding corporate SOCIAL responsibility. Also, improving the thinking of liberalism in managers can strengthen their SOCIAL responsibility. In this case, the policy makers of Stock Exchange can direct the managers of the listed companies to comply more with the SOCIAL responsibility of the company, through teaching human values AND strengthening those values, as well as monitoring the implementation of ethical regulations

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan AND to identify the impact of SOCIAL capital AND its dimensions on the concept of housing sustainability. The research method is descriptive AND survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample AND were selected AND studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method AND its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of SOCIAL capital (α = 0.879) AND housing sustainability (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between SOCIAL capital AND its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing sustainability variable AND its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between SOCIAL capital AND the concept of housing sustainability to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source AND destination of all human life; AND man leaves it for work AND SOCIAL activity, AND after doing it AND gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of housing is a broad AND complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services AND facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various SOCIAL, cultural AND historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, SOCIAL, indigenous AND cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown AND are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially SOCIAL housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life AND habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension AND consequently a small increase in the construction AND architecture of residential complexes AND other dimensions of sustainable development, including SOCIAL, cultural, physical AND The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it AND in a wider area with the region AND the world; it creates problems for the city AND its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination AND compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development AND the need to create AND expAND SOCIAL capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research AND the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster rANDom sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters AND homogeneous groups AND then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors AND specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results AND discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the SOCIAL capital index is not desirable. The average of SOCIAL capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of SOCIAL capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing sustainability AND SOCIAL capital. AND the order of the effect of SOCIAL capital variable on the dimensions of economic, SOCIAL, physical AND environmental sustainability. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the SOCIAL interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent SOCIAL interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the sustainability of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing AND its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing AND the provision of adequate housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography AND customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of SOCIAL factors or in other words SOCIAL capital cannot be ignored; Because SOCIAL capital is rooted in the structure AND SOCIAL norms of society AND is generally a combination of trust, communication network, SOCIAL norms AND SOCIAL relations at the individual AND community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the SOCIAL capital of residents AND the sustainability of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the SOCIAL capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective AND reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene AND cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green AND ... will interact AND participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.